How do gravity waves triggered by a typhoon propagate from the troposphere to the upper atmosphere?
Gravity waves (GWs) strongly affect atmospheric dynamics and photochemistry and the coupling between the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.In addition, GWs generated by strong disturbances in the troposphere (e.g.thunderstorms and typhoons) can affect the atmosphere of Earth from the troposphere to the thermosphere.However, th